Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.因此,本文只谈及从公元6世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格。
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) 中世纪(公元5世纪到15世纪)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. 在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。 A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. 一个传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. 那个时期的典型的绘画充满了宗教的(象)特征,体现出了对上帝的爱戴与敬重。 But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很显然到了13世纪时,观念发生变化,像乔托这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。
The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) 文艺复兴时期( 15世纪到16世纪)
本文由简单高中生（ID：jiandan100cn）整理发布
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. 在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。 People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。 At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. 同时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。 They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. 他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. 富人们想拥有自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他们出价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画像,画自己的房屋和其他财物,以及他们的活动和成就。
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. 在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。 This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. 这一手法是1428年由马赛其奥第一次使用的。When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. 当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对此深信不疑。If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. 如没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。 By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. 巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。 Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. 没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法,我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)印象派时期( 19世纪后期到20世纪初期)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. 许多人从农村迁入到新城市。There were many new inventions and social changes. 有着许多新发明,还有许多社会变革。Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. 这些变革也自然而然地促成了新的绘画风格。Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. 印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. 他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. 然而由于自然光的变化很快,印象派画家们必须很快地作画,Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. 因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致了。 At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. 起初,许多人都不喜欢这种画法,甚至还怒不可遏。They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他们说这些画家作画时漫不经心、粗枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。
Modern Art (20th century to today) 现代艺术(20世纪至今)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art".在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今己被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. 这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角看待他们的环境。There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. 如今,现代艺术风格有好几十种,然而如果没有印象派,那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。 On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. 一方面,有些现代艺术是抽象的,也就是说,画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来,而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性,用色彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. 而另一方面,有些现代派的艺术作品却是那么写实,看上去就像是照片。These styles are so different.这些风格如此不同。Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?谁能预言将来会有什么样的绘画艺术风格?
（二）重点单词
1. abstract adj.抽象的；深奥的 n．摘要
2. faith n．信任；信心；信念→faithful adj.忠实的→faithfully adv.忠实地
3. aim n．目标；目的 vi. vt.瞄准；(向某方向)努力
4. typical adj.典型的；有代表性的
5. adopt vt.采用；采纳；收养
6. possess vt.拥有；具有；支配→possession n．拥有
7. coincidence n．巧合(的事)；(事情、口味、故事等)相合→coincident adj.同时发生的；同一时间发生的
8. attempt n．努力；尝试；企图 vt.尝试；企图
9. predict vt.预言；预告；预测→prediction n．预言→predictor n．预言者
10. specific adj.确切的；特定的
11. exhibition n．展览；陈列；展览会
12. preference n．喜爱；偏爱→prefer v．喜爱
13. appeal vi.有感染力；呼吁；求助 vt.将……上诉 n．呼吁；恳求
14. civilization n．文明；文化；文明社会→civilize v．使文明；使开化
15. visual adj.视觉的；看得见的→invisual adj.看不见的
16. contemporary adj.当代的；同时代的
（三）重点短语
1. in the abstract 抽象地，理论上
abstract sth. from sth. 从…中提取…
2. as well as 也，同，和；同…一样
3. aim at sth. 瞄准 aim to do sth. 意欲，企图做某事 aim at doing sth. with the aim of 带有……的目的
4. focus on=concentrate on 集中
5. convince sb. Of 使某人信服
6. a great deal (of) 大量
7. in the flesh 活着的 本人
8. take the place of sb. = replace 代替，取代 take one’s place 代替，取代；入座；就位
9. break away from 脱离，摆脱，放弃
10. at the same time 同时；但是
11. would rather do sth （主语）宁愿做某事 would rather sb. did sth. 宁愿某人做某事(现在或将来) would rather sb. had done sth. 宁愿某人做某事(过去)
12. as a consequence =in consequence = as a result 结果 as a consequence of =in consequence of =as a result of 由于…的原因
13. in possession of 拥有… in the possession of sb =in one’s possession 为某人所拥有 take/ have possession of 拥有（占有）
14. consider doing 考虑做某事consider sb./sth. to be/as consider that-clause 认为，看待consider it adj./n.＋to do sth.
15. be well worth doing 值得…(表被动)
16. be contemporary with 与…属同时期
17. convince sb. of sth使某人确信/明白某事convince sb. +that clause 使某人相信…convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
15. attempt to do sth. 企图做某事
16. on the one hand…on the other hand… 一方面…另一方面…
17. scores of 许多，大量
18. not only……but also 不但……而且
19. every two years 每两年 every second year every other year
20. be (well) worth n./doing(主动表被动) …值得
（四）重点句型
1. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered,_no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures.如果没有发现透视法，就没有人能画出如此逼真的画。
2. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists,_who lived and worked in Paris.
在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家。
3. Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New York.许多艺术爱好者宁愿参观这个小艺术馆而不参观纽约其他的艺术馆。
4. It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum.令人惊奇的是，从19世纪后期到21世纪的如此众多的艺术名品竟都被同一家博物馆收藏。
Unit 2 Poems
（一）原文+译文
A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS
简体英文诗
There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。 Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. 有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象。 Others try to convey certain emotions. 而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. 诗人用许多不同风格的诗来表达自己的情感。In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms. 本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗。
Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. 孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。 These rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of childrens poetry. 像右边的这首童谣（A）至今仍然是常见的。 The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. 童谣的语言具体但富有想象力，这使得小孩子们快乐，因为它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多重复。The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至有的看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language. 通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。
本文由简单高中生（ID：jiandan100cn）整理发布
（A）
Hush, little baby, don say a word,小宝宝，别说话，
Papas going to buy you a mockingbird.爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟。
If that mockingbird won sing,小嘲鸟，不会唱，
Papas going to buy you a diamond ring.爸爸给你买个钻石戒。
If that diamond ring turns to brass,钻石戒，变成铜，
Papas going to buy you a looking-glass.爸爸给你买个小镜子。
If that looking-glass gets broke,小镜子，打破了，
Papas going to buy you a billy-goat.爸爸给你买个小山羊。
If that billy-goat runs away,小山羊，跑掉了。
Papas going to buy you another today.爸爸今天再去给你买一只。
One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things.像（B）和（C）这样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种。List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活。形成固定句型和诗的节奏。Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).有些清单诗有韵脚（如B）,但有一些没有（如C）。
（B）
I saw a fish- pond all on fire我看到鱼塘在燃烧
I saw a fish-pond all on fire,我看到鱼塘在燃烧，
I saw a house bow to a squire,我看到房子向地主哈腰，
I saw a person twelve-feet high,我看到人高一丈八，
I saw a cottage in the sky,我看到茅屋在天郊。
I saw a balloon made of lead,我看到气球用铅做，
I saw a coffin drop down dead,我看到棺材把死人抛。
I saw two sparrows run a race,我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，
I saw two horses making lace,我看到两匹马儿绣花包。
I saw a girl just like a cat,我看到姑娘像只猫，
I saw a kitten wear a hat,我看到小猫带花帽。
I saw a man who saw these too,我看到有人在一旁瞄，
And said though strange they all were true.虽奇怪，但也把实情报。
（C）
Our first football match我们的第一场球赛
We would have won ...我们本来会得冠军……
if Jack had scored that goal,如果杰克踢进了那个球，
if wed had just a few more minutes,如果我们还有几分钟，
if we had trained harder,如果我们训练的更严格，
if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,如果本把球传给了乔，
if wed had thousands of fans screaming,如果有大批球迷助威，
if I hadn taken my eye off the ball,如果我死死盯住球，
if we hadn stayed up so late the night before,如果我们头晚不熬夜，
if we hadn taken it easy,如果我们没有放松警惕，
if we hadn run out of energy.如果我们没有精疲力竭，
We would have won ...我们本来是会的冠军的……
if wed been better!如果我们能干的更好！
Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。 With these, students can convey a strong picture in just a few words. 用五行诗，学生可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面。Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.请看下一页上端的D和E两个例子。
（D）
Brother兄弟
Beautiful, athletic爱美，又爱运动
Teasing, shouting, laughing爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑
Friend and enemy too是我的朋友
Mine也是我的敌人
（E）
Summer夏天
Sleepy, salty困乏，咸涩
Drying, drooping, dreading干涸，枯萎，恐怖
Week in, week out周而复始
Endless永无止境
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.俳句诗（Haiku）是一种日本诗，由17个音节组成。It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers.它不属于英诗的传统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行的。It is easy to write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using the minimum of words.它容易写，而且像五行诗一样，它可以用最少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。The two haiku poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.下面两首俳句诗（右边的F和G）就是从日文翻译过来的。
（F）
A fallen blossom落下的花朵
Is coming back to the branch.回到了树枝上。
Look, a butterfly!瞧啊，是只蝴蝶！
( by Moritake)（作者：Moritake）
（G）
Snow having melted,雪儿融化了，
The whole village is brimful整个村庄充满着
Of happy children.欢乐的儿童。
(by Issa)（作者：Issa）
Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang poems from China in particular?你知道吗？说英语的人也喜欢其他类型的亚洲诗，尤其是中国的唐诗，A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English.许多唐诗已经被翻译成英文了。This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.下面这首唐诗（H）就是从中文翻译过来的。
（H）
Where she awaits her husband望夫石
(by Wang Jian)王健
On and on the river flows.望夫处，江悠悠。
Never looking back,Transformed into stone.化为石，不回头。
Day by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain revolve.山头日日风复雨，
Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.行人归来石应语。
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually want to write poems of their own.有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。It is easier than you might think and certainly worth a try!写诗比你想象的要容易，绝对值得一试。
（二）重点单词
1. convey vt.传达；运送
2. concrete adj.具体的
3. contradictory adj.引起矛盾的；好反驳的
4. flexible adj.灵活的；可弯曲的；柔顺的
5. pattern n．模式；式样；图案
6. tease vi. vt.取笑；招惹；戏弄
7. branch n．枝条；支流；部门
8. eventually adv.最后；终于
9. transform vi. vt.转化；转换；改造；变换→transformation n．转化
10. sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；懊悔→sorrowful adj.悲伤的
11. appropriate adj.适当的；正当的
12. exchange n．交换；交流；互换 vt. vi.调换；交换
13. sponsor n．赞助人；主办者；倡议者 vt.发起；举办；倡议
14. load n．负担；负荷物(尤指沉重的)
（三）重点短语
1.go over 复习，检查
2. make sense 有意义，说得通
(Sb.) make sense of sth 理解……
(Sth.) make sense to sb. 有意义，说得通
3. recite / read / explain sth. to sb. 给某人背诵/读 / 解释……
4. couvey one`s emtions 表达情感
5. bow to … 向鞠躬 / 屈服
6. stay/sit up 熬夜
7. take it easy = take things easy
放轻松，别紧张
take one`s time 别着急,慢慢来
8. (Sb.) run out of sth. 用完，耗尽（及物）(Sth.) run out 用完（不及物）make up组成 / 编造 / 化妆 / 弥补 / 和解 be made up of = consist of …由……组成
10. a few more minutes 再多几分钟
11. be popular with … = be well received by … 很受欢迎
12. be brimful of = be full of … 充满
13. translate A into B 把Ａ翻译成Ｂ
14. week in ,week out一周又一周 day by day 一天又一天
15. on and on 继续不停地
16. by chance / accident 碰巧
17. hold on 继续 / 别挂断(电话)
18. (Sb. / Sth.) be likely to do sth. 有可能…..
19. try out试验 try on试穿
20. let out 泄漏 / 发出(声音) / 释放 / 放宽(衣服)
21. look forward to 盼望
（四）重点句型
1.There are various reasons why people write poetry.
人们会写诗有种种原因。
2.Some rhyme(like B) while others do not(like C)．
有些诗押韵(像B)，但也有些不是这样(像C)。
3.And said though strange they all were true.
而且他说虽然这有些离奇，但却真实。
4.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from,_students may eventually want to write poems of their own.因为有许多不同类型的诗可以选择，学生们可能最后都想写他们自己的诗歌了。
Unit 3 A healthy life
（一）原文+译文
ADVICE FROM GRANDAD爷爷的忠告
Dear James, 亲爱的詹姆士：
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. 今天这儿的天气很好。现在我正坐在花园尽头的那棵大树底下呢。 I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. 我刚刚才回来，骑自行车跑了很长一段路，一直到了古城堡。It seems amazing that at my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 感到惊奇吧，像我这样的年纪，身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20公里。Its my birthday in two weeks time and Ill be 82 years old! 再过两个礼拜就是我82岁的生日了！ I think my long and active life must be due to the healthy life I live. 我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我的健康生活。
This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. 这就是我写信给你的真正原因，我亲爱的孙子。Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. 你妈妈告诉我，你不久前开始吸烟了，而且现在很难把它戒掉。 Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. 相信我吧，我知道，吸烟容易戒烟难。 You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes. 你知道，当我还是一个十几岁的孩子的时候，我也吸过烟，而且还上了瘾。
By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different ways? 这儿我想顺便问你一个问题，你知道上瘾有三个方面的原因吗？ First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. 首先，你会在身体上对尼古丁有瘾，它是香烟里几百种化学物质之一。 This means that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. 这句是说，过一段时间以后，你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁， So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. 一旦你的体内没有这种麻醉剂了，你就会有断瘾症状， I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. 我记得曾感到烦躁、甚至痛苦。Secondly, you become addicted through habit. 其次你也可能因为习惯的原因而上瘾。As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. 你知道，如果你反反复复地做同一件事情，你就会自动地做它。Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. 最后，你可以心理上瘾。 I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. 我那时认为，抽了一支烟后就会感到更轻松愉快，于是我就以为抽烟才能使自己感觉良好。 I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. 我之所以上瘾就有着这三个方面的原因，因此，要戒烟就很难。But I did finally manage.但是我终于还是戒掉了。
When I was young, I didn know much about the harmful effects of smoking. 在我年轻的时候，关于吸烟的危害性我知道的并不多。 I didn know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 例如，我不知道抽烟能严重侵害人的心脏和肺部，也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降。 I certainly didn know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way. 我当然不知道他们的婴儿在出生时可能体重较轻或某些方面不正常。Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers. 我更不知道，我自己吸烟还会损害那些不吸烟人的健康。However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. 然而我的的确确知道，我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻。 She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. 她说我的呼吸、我的衣服都有味道，而且我的手指头都变黄了。 She told me that she wouldn go out with me again unless I stopped! 她说在我把烟戒掉之前不会跟我一起出去。I also noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn enjoying sport as much. 我还注意到我的呼吸变得急促，并且使我不那么喜爱运动了。 When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking. 而由于我身体不健康被校足球队除名之后，我才知道该是我戒烟的时候了。I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. 我把我从网上找到的一些忠告寄给你，也许对你戒烟和坚定决心会有所帮助。It might help you to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.我的确希望你把烟戒掉，因为我希望你能像我这样活得健康长寿。
Love from
Grandad爱你的爷爷
How can you stop smoking?你怎样才能戒烟呢？
It is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.戒烟不容易，但许许多多的人都成功地戒掉了烟，所以你也能。Here are a few suggestions.这儿有几点建议：
·Prepare yourself.做好准备。Decide on a day to quit.确定一个开始戒烟的日子。Don’t choose a day that you know is going to be stressful, such as the day of an exam.不要选择你明知有压力的日子，例如要考试的那一天。Make a list of all the benefits you will get from stopping smoking.把戒烟的好处开列一个清单。Then throw away your last packet of cigarettes.在你计划戒烟的前一天，把你最后一包香烟扔掉。
·Be determined. 下定决心。Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker. 每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己，你（已经）是不吸烟的人了。Reread the list of benefits you wrote earlier.把你早先写的那个戒烟的好处的清单反复地看一看。
·Break the habit.破除旧习。Instead of smoking a cigarette, do something else. 不要抽烟，而去干点别的事情，Go for a walk, clean your teeth, drink some water, clean the house, 去散散步、刷刷牙、喝点水、打扫房间。In fact, do anything to keep your mind and especially your hands busy.其实，只要是能使你的脑，特别是手不得闲的事情，你都可以去做。
·Relax.放松休息。If you start to feel nervous or stressed, do not reach for a cigarette. 如果你开始感到紧张有压力了，这时你也不要伸手去拿香烟。Try some deep breathing instead. 试着做做深呼吸。Do some relaxation exercises every time you feel stressed. 每当你感到紧张了，就去做做放松运动。
·Get help if you need it. 必要时找人帮忙。Arrange to stop smoking with a friend so you can talk about your problems, or join a stop-smoking group. 同朋友一起安排戒烟，这样你们可以谈谈你的问题。你也可以参加一个戒烟小组。 If you feel desperate, you might like to talk to a doctor or chemist about something to help you, like nicotine chewing gun.如果你的确感到没法办，你还可以找一个医生或药剂师来谈谈，帮你想点办法，如含尼古丁的口香糖等。
·Keep trying.继续努力。Do not be disappointed if you have to try several times before you finally stop smoking. 即使非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它戒掉，你也不要失去希望。If you weaken and have a cigarette, do not feel ashamed. 如果你因意志衰弱而又抽烟了，也不要觉得难为情。 Just try again. You will succeed eventually.那就再努力戒就是了。最终你是会成功的。
（二）重点单词
1. abuse n. vt.滥用；虐待
2. stress n．压力；重音 vt.加压力于；使紧张→stressful adj.产生压力的；紧张的→stressed adj.焦虑不安的
3. adolescent n．青少年 adj.青春期的→adolescence n．青春期
4. ban vt.禁止；取缔 n．禁令；谴责
5. due adj.欠款的；预定的；到期的
6. addicted adj.入了迷的；上了瘾的→addict n．有瘾的人→addiction n．沉溺；嗜好
7. accustom vt.使习惯于→accustomed adj.惯常的；习惯了的
8. automatic adj.无意识的；自动的→_automatically adv.无意识地；自动地
9. mental adj.精神的；智力的→mentally adv.精神上；智力上
10. quit vt.停止(做某事)；离开
11. effect n．结果；效力
12. strengthen vt.加强；巩固；使坚强 vi.变强→strength n．力气→strong adj.强壮的
13. desperate adj.绝望的；拼命的
14. disappointed adj.失望的；沮丧的→disappointing adj.令人失望的→disappoint vt.使失望；使扫兴→disappointment n．失望
15. ashamed adj.感到惭愧或羞耻的→shame n．羞愧→shameful adj.可耻的→shameless adj.无耻的，厚颜的
16. judgement n．看法；判决；判断→judge v．判断
17. embarrassed adj.尴尬的；陷入困境的→embarrass v．(使)尴尬→embarrassment尴尬
18. awkward adj.局促不定的；笨拙的
（三）重点短语
1. due to 由于；归功于
2. be/become addicted to 对……有瘾
3. decide on 对……做出决定
4. be/become/grow accustomed to sth./doing sth. 习惯于某事/做某事
5. feel like (doing) 想要（做）
6. in spite of 不管；不顾
7. stand for 支持；代表
8. get (sb.) into (sth.) 陷入；染上坏习惯；进入
get into the way/habit of doing sth. 学成做某事的方法/养成做某事的习惯
9. be ashamed of/that.…为……感到惭愧/羞愧 be ashamed to do sth. 羞于做某事
10.take off 开除/脱衣/起飞/取消/休假
11.quit (doing) sth. 停止做某事
12.at risk处在危险之中 take risks(a risk) 冒险
13.manage to do sth. 设法做好/设法办到某事
14.so far 到目前为止（与现在完成时连用）
15.make sure 确定；查明；弄明白
16.prevent sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
17.every time 每次；每当…
（四）重点句型
1. Why do you think some adolescents start smoking? 你认为有些青少年为什么会开始吸烟？
2. I knew it was time to quit smoking. 我知道该戒烟了。
3. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.我真希望你能那样做，因为我盼着你也能像我一样长寿健康。
4. Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a nonsmoker.每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提醒你自己；你(已经)是不吸烟的人了。
5. It is no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。
6. It is only when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look sick.
只有当这种病毒发展成艾滋病时，人才会显出病态。
Unit 4 Global warming
（一）原文+译文
THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?
全球在变暖——这会带来什么影响吗？
本文由简单高中生（ID：jiandan100cn）整理发布
During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree Fahrenheit.在20世纪期间，地球温度大约升了华氏1度。That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes.这个数值对你我来说很可能是无所谓的，但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。So how has this come about and does it matter?那么，这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢？会产生什么影响呢？Earth Care’s Sophie Armstrong explores these questions. “关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。
There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.毫无疑问，地球是在变暖（见表一，略），而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。
All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earths temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy.所有的科学家赞同这种观点：人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料（如煤、天然气和石油等），从而引起了地球温度的升高。Some byproducts of this process are called "greenhouse" gases, the most important one of which is carbon dioxide.这个升温的过程的一些副产品就叫做“温室”气体，其中作用重要的就是二氧化碳。Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the greenhouse effect.贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说： “有一种科学家称之为‘温室效应’的自然现象。This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth.这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体（如二氧化碳、甲烷、水蒸气等）吸收太阳的热量，因而使地球变暖的时候。Without the greenhouse effect, the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有这种‘温室效应’，地球的温度将比现在的温度还要低33摄氏度左右。So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.因此，我们需要这些气体。当我们在大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时，问题就来了。It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up."这意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起全球温度上升。”
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. 我们知道，在过去100~150年期间，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加了。 It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. 有一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把1957~1997年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。 He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2).他发现，在这些年里，大气层中的二氧化碳含量从315/1000 000上升到370/1000 000。（见表二，略）
All scientists accept this data. 所有科学家都接受这个数据。They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. 他们还赞同下述观点，正是由于越来越多燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。 So how high will the temperature increase go? 那么气温会升到多高？ Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.福斯特博士说，在今后的100年里，全球变暖的量可能低到1~1.5摄氏度，但是也有可能高达5摄氏度。
However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. 然而，科学家们在对待升温的态度上却是大不相同的。 On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. 一方面，福斯特博士认为气温升高5度的趋势可能是一场大灾难，She says, "We can predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." 她说：“对于未来的气候，我们不可能做出精确的预测，但是那时的天气可能是很糟糕的。” Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, 同意她的观点的其他科学家认为，全球变暖会导致海平面上升好几米；or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. 也有人预言会出现严重的风暴、洪涝、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的灭绝。 On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. 在另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。 They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. 他们预言说，变暖的情况不会很严重，对环境的影响也不会太坏。 In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human beings better." 汉布利实际上是这样说的： “二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事，它使植物成长更快，庄稼产量更高，还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活。”
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. 温室气体继续在大气层中聚集。Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. 即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在（未来）几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。 No one knows the effects of global warming. 没有人知道全球变暖带来什么样的影响。Does that mean we should do nothing? 这是不是意味着我们就不必采取任何措施呢？Or, are the risks too great? 还是说，这样不采取任何措施危险性会很大呢？
（二）重点单词
1. phenomenon n．现象→phenomena pl.
2. subscribe vi.同意；捐赠；订阅 vt.(签署)文件；捐助
3. quantity n．量；数量→quality n．质量；品质
4. tend vi.趋向；易于；照顾 vt.照顾；护理→tendency n．倾向；趋势
5. trend n．趋势；倾向；走向
6. oppose vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量→opposed adj.反对的；对立的
7. consequence n．结果；后果；影响
8. state vt.陈述；说明→statement n．说明
9. range n．种类；范围
10. glance vi.看一下；扫视 n．一瞥
11. steady adj.平稳的；持续的；稳固的→steadily adv.平稳地；持续地
12. widespread adj.分布广的；普遍的
13. average adj.平均的
14. circumstance n．环境；情况
15. refresh vt.使恢复；使振作
16. contribution n．贡献→contribute v．贡献
（三）重点短语
1. global warming 全球气候变暖
2. a supply of /supplies of 大量的
3. depend on 依*
4. human activity 人类活动
5. a natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. be trapped in... 被困在……
7. a quantity of/quantities of + n. 大量的
8. result in导致..(+结果) result from 原因是..（+原因）
9. as a result = in consequence as a result of =in consequence of 因此 of由于…的缘故
10. build up 逐渐建立
11. keep on 保持
12. make a difference make no difference 有影响；有关系 对……没有影响；不重要
13. put up with… 忍受
14. as/so long as 只要
15. and so on 等等
16. glance at… 很快地看……一眼..
17. on the whole 大体上
18. compare…to.../compare….with 与…相比
19. come about发生(不及物) come across偶遇;穿过 come back回来 come down降下;减低 come in进来;到达 come out出来;出版 come up上来;被提出讨论;发芽 come up with追上;赶上 come to 结果达到;苏醒
20. heat up 受热
21. up to多达; 比得上
22. in the years ahead 今后一些年里
23. carry out 执行
24. decrease by下降了…… decrease (from …) to （从……）下降到
25. greenhouse effect 温室效应
（四）重点句型
1. There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer(see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.毫无疑问，地球正变得更加暖和(见图表1)，而且全球转暖是人为的，而不是随意的自然现象。
2. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.
即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。
3. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it－if not,_turn it off！只要你在使用电器设备，你便可以把它开着。如果不用就把它关掉！
4. It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials,_so, if you can, buy things made from recycled materials.
将新材料做成物品需要许多能量，因而，如果有可能请购买用回收材料制成的物品。
Unit 5 The power of nature
（一）原文+译文
AN EXCITING JOB一份令人兴奋的工作
I have the greatest job in the world. 我的工作是世界上最伟大的工作。 I travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the world. 我跑的地方是稀罕奇特的地方，和我一道工作的人来自世界各地。Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored. （我们）有时在室外工作，有时在办公室里，有时工作要用科学仪器，有时要会见当地百姓和旅游人士。但是我从来不感到工作烦人。
Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive. 虽然我的工作偶尔也有危险，但是我并不在乎，因为能激励我，使我感到有活力。However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano. 然而，最重要的是，通过我的工作能保护普通百姓免遭火山的威胁——这是世界上最大的自然威力之一。
I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) twenty years ago. 作为一名火山学家，我被派到夏威夷火山观测站（HVO）工作。 My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. 我的任务是收集有关基拉韦厄火山的数据资料，这是夏威夷最活跃的火山之一。 Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. 收集和评估了这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流去，流速多少。Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. 我们的工作拯救了许多人的生命，因为熔岩要流经之地，老百姓都可以得到离开家园的通知。Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground. 遗憾的是，我们不可能把他们的家搬离岩浆流过的地方，因此，许多房屋被熔岩淹没，或者焚烧殆尽。
When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less damage than you might imagine. 当滚烫的岩石从火山喷发出来并撞回地面时，它所造成的损失比想象的要小些， This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. 这是因为在岩石下落的基拉韦厄火山顶附近无人居住。 The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock. 而顺着山坡下流的火山熔岩所造成的损失却大得多，这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地方，一切东西都被掩埋在熔岩下面了。However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. 然而火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的，我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的情景。
It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii. 那是在我抵达夏威夷后的第二个星期。 Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. 那天我辛辛苦苦等干了一整天，很早就上床睡觉了。 I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window. 我在熟睡中突然感到床铺在摇晃，接着我听到一阵奇怪的声音，就好像有列火车在我的窗外行驶一样。Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn take much notice. 因为我在夏威夷曾经经历过多次地震，所以对这种声音我并不在意。 I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. 我刚要再睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance. 我赶紧跑出房间，来到后花园，在那儿我能远远地看见基拉韦厄火山。There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. 在山的一边有火山喷发，红色发烫的岩浆像喷泉一样，朝天上喷射达几百米高。It was an absolutely fantastic sight.真是绝妙的奇景！
The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it. 就在这次火山喷发的第二天，我有幸做了一次近距离的观察。 Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption. 我和另外两位科学家驱车上山，到最靠近这次火山喷口的地方才下车。Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer. 早先从观测站出发时就带了一些特别的安全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。All three of us looked like spacemen. 我们三个人看上去就像宇航员一样，We had white protective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. 我们都穿着白色的防护服遮住全身，戴上了头盔和特别的手套，还穿了一双大靴子。 It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre. 穿着这些衣服走起路来实在不容易，但是我们还是缓缓往火山口的边缘走去，并且向下看到了红红的沸腾的中央。The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them. 另外两人攀下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. 如今，我和当初从事这项工作时一样满怀热情。 Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage. 虽然我从事火山研究很多年了，但是我对火山的壮丽景色以及它那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已。
（二）重点单词
1. volcano n．火山
2. erupt vi.(指火山)爆发；突然发生→eruption n．火山爆发；(战争等)爆发
3. alongside adv.在旁边；沿着边 prep.在……旁边；沿着……的边
4. appoint vt.任命；委派→appointment n．约定；任命
5. evaluate vt.评估；评价；估计→evaluation n．评估
6. wave n．波浪；波涛 vi.波动；起伏；挥手
7. absolute adj.绝对的；完全的→absolutely adv.绝对地
8. suit n．一套外衣；套装；vt.适合；使适宜→suitable adj.合适的
9. potential n．潜在性；可能性；潜能 adj.可能的；潜在的
10. actual adj.实在的；实际的→actually adv.实际地
11. shoot vt.射中；射伤→shot n．射击；枪炮声
12. anxious adj.忧虑的；不安的→anxiously adv.不安地→anxiety n．担心；焦虑；渴望
13. panic vi. vt.惊慌 n．惊慌；恐慌→panicked(过去式/过去分词)
14. diverse adj.多种多样的；不同的→diversity n．多种多样；多样性
15. appreciation n．欣赏；感激；感谢→appreciate vt.欣赏；感激
16. guarantee vt.保证；担保
（三）重点短语
1. a volcano erupting 一次火山爆发
2. an active / a live volcano 活火山
3. compare…with / to…把……和……进行比较 compare…to… 把……比作……
4. imagine doing sth. 设想做某事
5. take risks / a risk冒险 at risk处于危险之中 at the risk of doing sth.…冒……危险 risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
6. meet with sb. 碰到、遇到某人
7. excite sb./oneself 使某人/自己激动
8. protect sb. / sth. from… 保护……免遭……
9. be warned (not) to do sth. 被警告（不要）去做某事 warn sb. of danger 警告某人有危险
10. move sth. out of the way 把……搬离……
11. burn to the ground 全部焚毁
12. far more (=much more) 多得多，多很多
13. the first sight of… 第一次看见……
14. be fast asleep 睡得很熟
15. be about to do sth. … when… 正要做某事……就在这时……
16. as bright as day 亮如白昼
17. in the distance在远处（大范围的） at a / some distance (有间隔的)在远处（的具体某地）
18. in the side of the mountain 在山的一边
19. have a much closer look ( at sth.) 近距离的观看(某物)
20. be in a panic陷入恐慌（状态） get into a panic陷入恐慌（动作）
21. make one’s way to … 前往…….
22. climb down into… 爬进……
23. be enthusiastic about… 对……怀着热情
24. be amazed at … 对……感到惊讶
25. take sb. by surprise使某人大吃一惊 take sth. by surprise 突袭
26. make an effort to do sth. 努力做某事
27. be out of work 失业
28. (the) Lake of Heaven 天上的湖（天池）
29. thick forest 茂密的森林
30. nature reserve 自然保护区
31. vary from … to … 由……到……不等
32. a great diversity of 多种多样
33. take a bath 沐浴
34. give birth to sb. 生小孩
35. glance through 匆匆看一遍
36. be bored with sb. / sth. 对某人/某物厌烦
37. cancel one’s appointment with sb. 取消和某人的约会
（四）重点句型
1. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast.收集和评估这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测熔岩接着将往何处流，流速是多少。
2. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day.
我刚要再睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。
3. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience,_I stayed at the top and watched them.
另外两人爬下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
4. It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
据说这个男孩就是满族人的祖先，他具有语言天赋和很强的说服力。
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