1、By: ①通过….方式（途径）。例：I learn English by listening to tapes.
②在….旁边。例：by the window/the door
③乘坐交通工具 例：by bus/car
④在……之前，到……为止。例：by October在10月前
⑤被例：English is spoken by many people.
2、aloud, loud与loudly的用法 ： 三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。
①aloud是副词，重点在出声能让人听见，但声音不一定很大，
常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。
如： He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时，常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用，多用于比较级，须放在动词之后。如：
She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词，与loud同义，有时两者可替换使用，但往往
含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思，可位于动词之前或之后。如：
He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。
3、be afraid of doing sth. / sth.害怕 be afraid of being alone
be afraid to do sth.害怕
be afraid that恐怕担心，表示委婉语气
4、make mistakes 犯错
mistake sb. for …把……错认为……
make mistakes (in) doing sth. 在干某事方面出错
by mistake 错误地；由于搞错
mistake---mistook----mistaken
如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
I mistook him for his brother.我错把他认成了他的哥哥。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如： I have made a mistake.
我已经犯了一个错误。
5、too many许多修饰可数名词如：too many girls
too much许多修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
much too太修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful
6、used to 过去常常做某事,暗指现在已经不存在的动作或状态. 后跟动词原形. used to do sth.
There used to be ….（反意疑问句）didn’t there?
否定形式为: didn’t use to 或 usedn’t to
疑问形式为: Did…use to…? 或 Used…to…?
be/get used to doing sth.习惯于, to 为介词。
7、no more (用在句中)=not…any more (用在句尾) 指次数。
no longer (用在句中)=not…any longer (用在句尾) 指时间。
8、①be/ become interested in sth. 对…感兴趣
②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
③show great interest in 在……方面产生极大的兴趣
④a place of interest 一处名胜 some places of interest
如：He is interested in math, but he isn’t interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣，但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
⑤ interested adj. 感兴趣的，指人对某事物感兴趣，往往主语是人
⑥ interesting adj.有趣的，指某事物/某人具有趣味，主语往往是物
⑦ aninteresting book / man
9、fifteen-year-old 作形容词15岁的
fifteen-year-olds 作名词指15岁的人
fifteen years old 指年龄15岁如：
a fifteen-year-old boy一个15岁的男孩
Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。
I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。
10、复合句与简单句的转化：
①when ------ at the age of …
②so…that…----- too… to…. / enough to …
③so that…------ in order to do sth.
④because…----- because of…
⑤if ….----- without / with…
⑥if…----- 祈使句+ and / or + 简单句
⑦宾语从句----特殊疑问词+动词不定式
⑧ It seems / seemed that sb….------ sb. seems / seemed to do sth.
⑨ Sb. hopes / hoped that ….-------sb. hopes / hoped to do sth.
